Untangle the relationship of muscle mass and bone mineral content on handgrip strength: Results of ELSA-Brasil.

The study aims to investigate the independent association of muscle mass (MM) and bone mineral content (BMC) in the performance of the handgrip strength (HGS) test and whether there is effect modification by sex and age. In 12,491 participants from the ELSA-Brasil we estimated the associations between MM, BMC and HGS using linear regression models. All the analyses were performed for total population, also stratified for sex and age. For total population an interaction term was included between each explanatory variable of interest with sex and age to verify the presence of effect modification. We observed that the higher quintiles of MM and BMC were associated to an increasing in the mean of HGS compared to the first quintile, with greater magnitudes in men compared to women, also adults compared to elderly. When we estimated the independent effect of each exposure of interest, MM showed stronger effect in HGS in women, men and adults then BMC. In conclusion, we observed that higher amounts of MM and BMC are associated with higher HGS, regardless of sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions and lifestyle, with this effect being greater in men and adults.

Untangle the relationship of muscle mass and bone mineral content on handgrip strength: Results of ELSA-Brasil / Desvendando a relação entre massa muscular e conteúdo mineral ósseo na força de preensão palmar: Resultados do ELSA-Brasil

Abstract The study aims to investigate the independent association of muscle mass (MM) and bone mineral content (BMC) in the performance of the handgrip strength (HGS) test and whether there is effect modification by sex and age. In 12,491 participants from the ELSA-Brasil we estimated the associations between MM, BMC and HGS using linear regression models. All the analyses were performed for total population, also stratified for sex and age. For total population an interaction term was included between each explanatory variable of interest with sex and age to verify the presence of effect modification. We observed that the higher quintiles of MM and BMC were associated to an increasing in the mean of HGS compared to the first quintile, with greater magnitudes in men compared to women, also adults compared to elderly. When we estimated the independent effect of each exposure of interest, MM showed stronger effect in HGS in women, men and adults then BMC. In conclusion, we observed that higher amounts of MM and BMC are associated with higher HGS, regardless of sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions and lifestyle, with this effect being greater in men and adults.

Resumo O estudo tem como objetivo investigar a associação independente da massa muscular (MM) e conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) na realização do teste de força de preensão manual (FPM) e se há modificação do efeito por sexo e idade. Em 12.491 participantes do ELSA-Brasil estimamos as associações entre MM, CMO e FPM usando modelos de regressão linear. Todas as análises foram realizadas para a população total, também estratificada por sexo e idade. Para a população total foi incluído um termo de interação entre cada variável explicativa de interesse com sexo e idade para verificar a presença de modificação de efeito. Observamos que os maiores quintis de MM e BMC estiveram associados a um aumento na média da FPM em relação ao primeiro quintil, com maiores magnitudes em homens em relação a mulheres, também em adultos em relação a idosos. Quando estimamos o efeito independente de cada exposição de interesse, MM mostrou efeito mais forte na FPM em mulheres, homens e adultos do que BMC. Em conclusão, observamos que maiores quantidades de MM e BMC estão associadas a maior FPM, independentemente das características sociodemográficas, condições de saúde e estilo de vida, sendo esse efeito maior em homens e adultos.

Percutaneous ethanol injection is an acceptable bridging therapy to hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation.

PURPOSE: Locoregional therapies (LRT) are employed for bridging patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Although the main LRT options include transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) is an alternative with considerably lower costs. This study is a pioneering evaluation of the natural history of PEI bridging to OLT as compared to TACE. METHODS: All consecutive cirrhotic patients with HCC enlisted for OLT (2011-2020) at a single center were analyzed. Patients were divided into three LRT modality groups: PEI, TACE, and PEI+TACE. The primary study outcome was waitlist dropout due to tumor progression beyond Milan criteria. A comparison of post-transplant outcomes of patients as stratified by LRT modality also was performed. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-nine patients were included (PEI=56, TACE=43, PEI+TACE=30). The dropout rate due to tumor progression was not different among the three groups: PEI=8.9%, TACE=14%, PEI+TACE=16.7% (p=0.54). Thirteen (76.4%) patients underwent OLT after successful downstaging (3 [75%] in the PEI group, 5 [83.3%] in the TACE group, and 5 [71.4%] in the PEI+TACE group). For the 96 patients undergoing OLT, 5-year post-transplant recurrence-free survival was PEI=55.6% vs. TACE=55.1% vs. PEI+TACE=71.4% (p=0.42). Complete/near-complete pathological response rate was similar among groups (p=0.82). CONCLUSION: Dropout rates and post-transplant recurrence-free survivals related to PEI were comparable to those of TACE. This study supports the use of PEI alone or in combination with TACE for HCC patients awaiting OLT whenever RFA is not an option.

Dietary pattern changes, obesity and excess body fat in adults of a Brazilian birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed dietary patterns (DPs) and the changes in these patterns over time in adults. The present study aimed to investigate whether possible changes in DPs in two assessments are associated with obesity and excess body fat. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in which data were collected from 1082 adults of a Brazilian birth cohort during two periods 15 years apart (T1: 2002-2004; T2: 2016-2017). Food consumption was assessed in both periods using validated food frequency questionnaires. Three similar DPs were found in the two assessments, and adherence to these patterns was classified as prudent, risk or mixed. Nine DPs changes were defined. At T2, subjects with a body mass index ≥ 30.0 kg m- ² were classified as obese, and men and women with a body fat (BF) percentage ≥ 25.0 and ≥ 35.0, respectively, were classified as having excess BF. A directed acyclic graph was built to adjust the association for confounding variables. RESULTS: At T2, 34.4% of the subjects were obese and 61.4% had excess BF. In the adjusted analysis, the changes associated with obesity and excess BF were prudent-mixed (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04-2.29 and PR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.10-1.65), risk-risk (PR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.03-2.13 and PR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.04-1.53), risk-mixed (PR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.05-2.31 and PR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.07-1.63) and mixed-risk (PR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.10-2.35 and PR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.04-1.58). CONCLUSIONS: A decline in food quality over time or stagnation in an unhealthy DP can lead to obesity and excess BF.

The contribution of prenatal care in the dietary patterns of high-risk pregnant women / A contribuição do acompanhamento pré-natal nos padrões alimentares de gestantes de alto risco

Abstract Objectives: investigate whether prenatal characteristics were associated with dietary pattern of pregnant women. Methods: we studied 200 high-risk pregnant women in Fortaleza, Ceará. The identification of dietary patterns was performed through principal component analysis with the orthogonal Varimax rotation. Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and respective confidence intervals (CI95%). Results: three major dietary patterns were identified: 'common Brazilian', 'healthy' and 'energy-dense'. After adjustments conducted with multivariate analysis, pregnant women who had not received dietary guidance in prenatal consultations (34%) were less likely to adhere to the 'healthy' pattern (PR = 0,81; CI95%= 0,67-0,95). Pregnant women who attended an appropriate number of consultations (≥ 6 consultations) (41%) showed greater adherence to the 'healthy' pattern (PR = 1,15; CI95%= 1,01-1,32) and lower adherence to the 'energy-dense' pattern (PR = 0,85; CI95%= 0,74-0,99). Conclusion: it was observed that the high-risk pregnant women who attended an adequate number of consultations during the prenatal care had a higher chance to adhere to the 'healthy' pattern and a lower chance to adhere to the 'energy-dense' pattern. Not receiving guidelines on prenatal nutrition was inversely associated with the healthy pattern. Thus, the importance of high-risk pregnant women undergoing an appropriate prenatal care is reinforced.

Resumo Objetivos: investigar o efeito potencial das características de acompanhamento do pré-natal em padrões alimentares identificados em gestantes de alto risco. Métodos: foram estudadas 200 gestantes de alto-risco de Fortaleza, Ceará. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados pela análise de componentes principais seguida de rotação ortogonal Varimax. Utilizou-se Regressão de Poisson para estimar as razões de prevalência (RP) e os intervalos de confança (IC95%). Resultados: três padrões alimentares foram identificados: 'comum brasileiro', 'saudável' e 'denso em energia'. Após a realização de ajuste com análise multivariada, as gestantes que não receberam orientação sobre alimentação nas consultas do pré-natal (34%) apresentaram menores chances de adesão ao padrão 'saudável' (RP = 0.81, IC95%= 0.67-0.95). Aquelas que realizaram um número de consultas adequado (≥ 6 consultas) (41%) apresentaram maior adesão ao padrão 'saudável' (RP = 1.15, IC95%= 1.01-1.32) e menor adesão ao padrão 'denso em energia' (RP = 0.85, IC95%= 0.74-0.99). Conclusão: observou-se que as gestantes de alto risco que compareceram a um número adequado de consultas no pré-natal tiveram maior chance de aderir ao padrão 'saudável' e menor chance de aderir ao padrão 'denso em energia'. Não receber orientações sobre nutrição durante o pré-natal foi inversamente associado ao padrão 'saudável'. Reforçando a importância das gestantes de alto risco realizarem um pré-natal adequado.

Ultra-processed food consumption is associated with increase in fat mass and decrease in lean mass in Brazilian women: A cohort study.

Objective: To investigate the association between ultra-processed food consumption at 23-25 years of age and measurements of body composition-fat mass, fat mass distribution and lean mass at 37-39 years of age in Brazilian adults. Methods: 1978/1979 birth cohort study conducted with healthy adults from Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 1,021 individuals participated in the fat mass analysis (measured by air displacement plethysmography) and 815 in the lean mass analysis and fat mass distribution (assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry). Food consumption was evaluated by a food frequency questionnaire. Food items were grouped according to the level of processing as per the NOVA classification. Ultra-processed food consumption was expressed as a percentage of total daily intake (g/day). Linear regression models were used to estimate the effect of ultra-processed food consumption (g/day) on body mass index, body fat percentage, fat mass index, android fat, gynoid fat, android-gynoid fat ratio, lean mass percentage, lean mass index and appendicular lean mass index. Marginal plots were produced to visualize interactions. Results: The mean daily ultra-processed food consumption in grams was 35.8% (813.3 g). There was an association between ultra-processed food consumption and increase in body mass index, body fat percentage, fat mass index, android fat and gynoid fat and decrease in lean mass percentage, only in women. Conclusion: A high ultra-processed food consumption is associated with a long-term increase in fat mass and a decrease in lean mass in adult women.

Sex-Dependent Effects of the Intake of NOVA Classified Ultra-Processed Foods on Syndrome Metabolic Components in Brazilian Adults.

Longitudinal studies evaluating the relationship between UPF consumption and the incidence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and its components are still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of UPF consumption on the incidence of MetS and its components in adults. A prospective study was conducted with 896 participants from the 1978/79 Ribeirão Preto cohort, São Paulo, Brazil. UPF consumption was evaluated in %kcal and %g at ages 23-25 years. Incidence of MetS and its components were estimated at ages 37-39 years, according to the Joint Interim Statement criteria. Poisson regression was used to assess associations, and interactions with sex were investigated. UPF consumption had no association with MetS (%kcal Adjusted PR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.01; %g Adjusted PR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.01). However, women with higher UPF consumption, in %kcal and %g, had a higher risk of abdominal obesity (%kcal: p = 0.030; %g: p = 0.003); and women with higher UPF consumption, in %g, had a higher risk of low HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.041). For the other components of MetS, no significant associations were observed in either sex. These findings suggest evidence of no association between UPF consumption and MetS; however, consumption of UPF was associated with increased WC and low HDL-c, but only in women.

Metodologias de identificação de padrões alimentares a posteriori em adultos: uma revisão integrativa / Methods of a posteriori identification of food patterns in adults: an integrativereview / Métodos de identificación posteriori de patrones alimentarios en adultos: una revisión integradora

Introdução:São poucos os estudos que identificaram os padrões alimentares em adultos sem patologias associadas utilizando metodologias de abordagem a posteriori, o que representa um grande e importante campo de pesquisa na epidemiologia nutricional a ser explorado para melhor entender o hábito alimentar das diferentes populações no mundo e suas relações com demais fatores.Objetivo:Analisar as metodologias deidentificação dos padrões alimentares em adultos saudáveis que utilizaram a abordagem a posteriori.Metodologia:Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa. Foram incluídos somente artigos originais publicados em português ou inglês que identificaram padrão alimentar de adultos saudáveis por meio de abordagem a posteriori, de 2013 a 2018. Os artigos foram selecionados por meio de busca em 4 bases de dados, sendo resgatadas 328 publicações.Resultados:Apenas 9 artigos identificaram padrões alimentares por meio de abordagem a posteriori em adultos, sendo 7 do tipo transversal e 2 longitudinal.O método de abordagem exploratória mais utilizado foi a análise fatorial, abordada em sete estudos. Um artigo utilizou o método de análise de agrupamento, enquanto outros dois utilizaram o método RRR, sendo um deles associado ao método ACP. Conclusões:As metodologias de avaliação do padrão alimentar possuem limitações, o que torna absolutamente importante que os estudos sejam bem delineados, com escolha de inquéritos alimentares mais convenientes, tamanho e seleção da amostra relevantes e testes estatísticos que orientem as decisões do pesquisador da melhor forma possível, para que os resultados retratem padrões e agrupamentos bem fidedignos (AU).

Introduction:There are few studies that have identified dietary patterns in adults without associated pathologies using a posteriori approach methodologies, which represents a large and important field of research in nutritional epidemiology to be explored to better understand the eating habits of different populations in the world and their relationships with other factors. Objective:To analyze the methodologies for identifying dietary patterns in healthy adults who used the a posteriori approach. Methodology:This is an integrative review. Only original articles published in Portuguese or English that identified the dietary pattern of healthy adults through an a posteriori approach, from 2013 to 2018, were included. Results:Only 9 articles identified eating patterns through a posteriori approach in adults, 7 of which were transverse and 2 were longitudinal.The most used exploratory approach method was factor analysis, addressed in seven studies. One article used the cluster analysis method, while two others used the RRR method, one of them associated with the ACP method. Conclusions:The dietary pattern assessment methodologies have limitations, which makes it absolutely important that the studies are well designed, with the choice of more convenient food surveys, relevant sample size and selection, and statistical tests that guide the researcher's decisions in the best possible way, so that the results depict very reliable patterns and groupings (AU).

Introducción: Existen pocos estudios que hayan identificado patrones alimentarios en adultos sin patologías asociadas utilizando metodologías de abordaje a posteriori, lo que representa un amplio e importante campo de investigación en epidemiología nutricional a explorar para comprender mejor los hábitos alimentarios de diferentes poblaciones en el mundo y sus relaciones con otros factores. Objetivo: Analizar las metodologías para la identificación de patrones dietéticos en adultos sanos que utilizaron el enfoque a posteriori.Metodología:Esta es una revisión integradora. Se incluyeron solo artículos originales publicados en portugués o inglés que identificaron el patrón dietético de adultos sanos a través de un enfoque a posteriori, de 2013 a 2018. Resultados: Solo 9 artículos identificaron patrones de alimentación mediante abordaje a posteriori en adultos, 7 de los cuales fueron transversales y 2 longitudinales.El método de abordaje exploratorio más utilizado fue el análisis factorial, abordado en siete estudios. Un artículo utilizó el método de análisis de conglomerados, mientras que otros dos utilizaron el método RRR, uno de ellos asociado al método ACP.Conclusiones: Las metodologías de evaluación del patrón dietético tienen limitaciones, por lo que es absolutamente importante que los estudios estén bien diseñados, con la elección de encuestas alimentarias más convenientes, tamaño y selección de muestras relevantes y pruebas estadísticas que guíen las decisiones del investigador de la mejor maneraposible, para que que los resultados representan patrones y agrupaciones muy fiables (AU).

Food Intake of Patients with Thyroid Nodules: a Brazilian Food Guides-Based Analysis / Consumo Alimentar de Pacientes com Nódulos Tireoidianos: uma Análise Baseada em Guias Alimentares Brasileiros / Consumo de Alimentos de Pacientes con Nódulos Tiroideos: un Análisis Basado en las Guías Alimentarias Brasileña

Introduction: The thyroid gland has the function of secreting hormones that play an important role in metabolism. Alterations in this function may bring complications to individuals, among them thyroid nodules. The prevalence of thyroid nodules is higher in white people, older adults, women, smokers, with accumulated body fat and larger waist circumference. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare dietary intake of patients with benign (BN) and malignant (MN) thyroid nodules. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 62 patients. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour dietary recall, according to the 2006 and 2014 Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. Mean consumption of each food group was compared between patients with BN and MN by Student's t-test. Results: The sample consisted mostly of females with mean age of 43 years old. Based in the 2006 Guide, patients with BN and MN presented low consumption of fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products, and high consumption of meat. Total caloric intake (p=0.03) and of the group of sugars and sweets (p=0.03) were higher among individuals with MN compared with BN. Considering the 2014 Guide, the highest caloric contribution for the diet was from minimally processed foods group. Conclusion: Patients with MN had higher energy intake of sugars and sweets. For all other food groups investigated, no significant difference between individuals with MN and BN was encountered

Introdução: A glândula tireoide tem a função de secretar hormônios que desempenham importante papel no metabolismo. Alterações nessa função podem trazer complicações aos indivíduos, entre elas, os nódulos tireoidianos. A prevalência desses nódulos é maior em pessoas brancas, idosas, mulheres, fumantes, com gordura corporal acumulada e maior circunferência da cintura. Objetivo: Comparar o consumo alimentar de pacientes com nódulos benignos (NB) ou malignos (NM) da tireoide. Método: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com 62 pacientes. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado utilizando recordatório alimentar de 24 horas, segundo as diretrizes das versões de 2006 e 2014 do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. As médias de consumo de cada grupo alimentar foram comparadas entre os pacientes com NB e NM pelo teste t de Student. Resultados: A amostra foi composta predominantemente por mulheres com idade média de 43 anos. Considerando a versão de 2006 do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira, tanto os pacientes com NB quanto com NM apresentaram baixo consumo dos grupos das frutas, verduras e hortaliças, leite e derivados, e elevado consumo do grupo das carnes. O consumo calórico total (p=0,03) e do grupo de açúcares e doces (p=0,03) foi maior entre indivíduos com NM comparados com indivíduos com NB. Considerando a versão de 2014 do Guia, a maior contribuição calórica da dieta foi proveniente do grupo de alimentos minimamente processados. Conclusão: Pacientes com NM apresentam maior consumo calórico e de açúcares e doces. Para todos os outros grupos alimentares estudados, não houve diferença significativa entre os indivíduos com NM e NB

Introducción: La glándula tiroidea se encarga de segregar hormonas que desempeñan un papel importante en el metabolismo. Los cambios en esta función pueden traer complicaciones a los individuos, entre ellas los nódulos tiroideos. La prevalencia de los nódulos tiroideos es mayor en personas de raza blanca, de edad avanzada, mujeres, fumadores, con grasa corporal acumulada y mayor perímetro de cintura. Objetivo: Comparar la ingesta dietética de pacientes con nódulos tiroideos benignos (NB) y malignos (NM). Método: Estudio transversal con 62 pacientes. La ingesta dietética se evaluó mediante el recuerdo dietético de 24 horas, de acuerdo con las directrices de las versiones de 2006 y 2014 de la Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña. Se comparó el consumo medio de cada grupo de alimentos entre los pacientes con NB y NM mediante la prueba t de Student. Resultados: La muestra estuvo compuesta predominantemente por mujeres, y la edad media fue de 43 años. Teniendo en cuenta la Guía 2006, tanto los pacientes con NB como los que tenían NM tenían un bajo consumo de frutas, verduras, leche y productos lácteos, y un alto consumo de carne. La ingesta calórica total (p=0,03) y del grupo de azúcares y dulces (p=0,03) fue mayor entre los individuos con NM en comparación con los de NB. Teniendo en cuenta la Guía 2014, el mayor aporte calórico de la dieta procedía de los alimentos mínimamente procesados en los grupos. Conclusión: Los pacientes con NM tuvieron una mayor ingesta energética y consumo de azúcares y dulces. Para el resto de grupos de alimentos estudiados, no hubo diferencias significativas entre los individuos con NM y NB

[Factors associated with inflammatory biomarkers in adolescents: analysis by structural equation modeling]. / Fatores associados aos biomarcadores inflamatórios em adolescentes: análise por modelagem de equações estruturais.

The study aimed to analyze factors associated with inflammatory biomarkers in adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study in 391 adolescents 17-18 years of age in public schools in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. Three-stage random cluster sampling was performed in schools, classes, and students. Food consumption was studied with a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were extracted by principal components factor analysis. Assessment of factors associated with inflammatory biomarkers used structural equation modeling. Latent variables were constructed: socioeconomic status, which included maternal schooling, family income, and economic class; and inflammation, consisting of interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8. A theoretical model was developed to assess factors associated with inflammatory biomarkers, indicating direct and indirect effects between the latent and observed variables. Three dietary patterns were identified (Western, basic Brazilian, and healthy), with 31% explained variance and the Western pattern with the largest share. No associations were found between the patterns and the latent variable inflammation (standardized coefficients = 0.281; p = 0.002). Extraction of the three patterns evidenced higher consumption of foods high in carbohydrates and fats, which are nutrients associated directly with the increase in chronic noncommunicable diseases. Excess weight was associated with higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers.

O objetivo foi avaliar os fatores associados aos biomarcadores inflamatórios em adolescentes. Trata-se de estudo transversal com 391 adolescentes entre 17 e 18 anos de escolas públicas em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Realizou-se amostragem aleatória com conglomeração em três estágios: escola, turma e aluno. O consumo alimentar foi investigado por meio do Questionário de Frequência Alimentar, e os padrões alimentares foram extraídos por análise fatorial por componentes principais. Para avaliar os fatores associados aos biomarcadores inflamatórios, foi utilizada modelagem de equações estruturais. Foram construídas variáveis latentes: condição socioeconômica, que incluiu escolaridade materna, renda familiar e classe econômica; e inflamação, constituída pela interleucina-1ß, interleucina-6 e interleucina-8. Um modelo teórico foi elaborado para avaliar fatores associados aos biomarcadores inflamatórios, indicando os efeitos diretos e indiretos entre as variáveis latentes e observadas. Três padrões alimentares foram identificados (ocidental, básico brasileiro e saudável), com variância explicada de 31%, e padrão ocidental o de maior contribuição. Não foram encontradas associações dos padrões com a variável latente inflamação. O excesso de peso foi positivamente associado com a variável latente inflamação (coeficientes padronizados = 0,281; p = 0,002). A extração dos três padrões evidencia maior consumo de alimentos ricos em carboidratos e gorduras que são nutrientes diretamente relacionados ao aumento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. O excesso de peso foi associado com maiores níveis de biomarcadores inflamatórios.

El objetivo fue evaluar los factores asociados con biomarcadores inflamatorios en adolescentes. Se trata de un estudio transversal con 391 adolescentes entre 17 e 18 años de escuelas públicas en São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Se realizó una muestra aleatoria por conglomerados en tres etapas: escuela, grupo y alumno. El consumo alimentario fue investigado mediante el cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria, y los patrones alimentarios fueron extraídos por análisis factorial por componentes principales. Para evaluar los factores asociados a los biomarcadores inflamatorios se utilizó un modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. Se construyeron variables latentes: condición socioeconómica, que incluyó escolaridad materna, renta familiar y clase económica; e inflamación, constituida por la interleucina-1ß, interleucina-6 e interleucina-8. Un modelo teórico se elaboró para evaluar factores asociados a los biomarcadores inflamatorios, indicando los efectos directos e indirectos entre las variables latentes y observadas. Se identificaron tres patrones alimentarios (occidental, básico brasileño y saludable), con variancia explicada de un 31% y patrón occidental o de mayor contribución. No se encontraron asociaciones de los patrones con la variable latente inflamación. El exceso de peso estuvo positivamente asociado con la variable latente inflamación (coeficientes estandarizados = 0,281; p = 0,002). La extracción de los tres patrones evidencia mayor consumo de alimentos ricos en carbohidratos y grasas que son nutrientes directamente relacionadas con el aumento de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El exceso de peso estuvo asociado con mayores niveles de biomarcadores inflamatorios.

Padrões alimentares estão associados à obesidade pré-gravídica em gestantes / Dietary patterns are associated to pre-gestational obesity in pregnant women

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar a associação entre os padrões alimentares e a obesidade pré-gravídica em gestantes do município de Fortaleza, Ceará. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 401 gestantes entre 19 e 45 anos, atendidas em um hospital referência para a gestação de risco e em oito unidades de saúde nesse município. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado com um questionário de frequência alimentar validado, e os padrões alimentares identificados por análise fatorial por componentes principais, seguida de rotação ortogonal Varimax. A obesidade foi medida pelo Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Utilizou-se Regressão de Poisson com estimativa robusta da variância para estimar as razões de prevalências dos padrões alimentares em relação à obesidade pré-gravídica, ajustado por variáveis sociodemográficas. Quatro principais padrões alimentares foram identificados: "saudável cearense" ;"denso em proteína"; "lanches"; e "popular" . Maior adesão ao padrão "saudável cearense" esteve associada a maior prevalência de obesidade pré-gravídica (RP: 1,33; IC 95% 1,01-1,77); já a maior adesão ao padrão "popular" se relacionou a menor prevalência de obesidade pré-gravídica (RP: 0,69; IC 95% 0,51-0,92). Concluiu-se que há quatro principais padrões de consumo alimentar nas gestantes de Fortaleza estudadas, e evidenciaram-se associações entre os padrões "saudável cearense" e "popular" com a obesidade pré-gestacional.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between the eating patterns and the pre gestational obesity in pregnant women from Fortaleza, Ceará. The method used was a cross-sectional study with 401 pregnant women between 19 and 45 years old, treated in a hospital that is a reference in the care of risk pregnancy and in eight health units in Fortaleza, Ceará. Food consumption was investigated using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and the eating patterns were identified using factor analysis for main components, followed by Varimax orthogonal rotation. Obesity was measured according to the body mass index (BMI). Poisson Regression with robust estimation of variance was used to estimate the prevalence ratio of eating patterns in relation to pre gestational obesity, adjusted by sociodemographic variables. Four main eating patterns were identified: "healthy cearense", "rich in protein", "snacks" and "popular". A higher adherence to the "healthy cearense" pattern was associated to a higher prevalence of pre gestational obesity (PR: 1,33; CI 95% 1,01-1,77), the greater adherence to the "popular" pattern was related to the lower prevalence of pre-pregnancy obesity (PR: 0.69; 95% CI 0.51-0.92). It was concluded that there are four main food consumption patterns in the pregnant women from Fortaleza that were studied and the associations between the "healthy cearense" and "popular" patterns and pre gestational obesity were shown.

Comportamento alimentar e imagem corporal em universitários da área de saúde / Eating behavior and body image in health sciences university students

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação da imagem corporal e o comportamento alimentar de universitários de uma capital do Nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Participaram da pesquisa universitários (n = 1570) da área da saúde de ambos os sexos, de quatro instituições de ensino superior. As dimensões da imagem corporal (i.e., perceptiva e atitudinal) foram avaliadas por meio da Escala de Silhuetas para adultos brasileiros; e o comportamento alimentar por meio da versão brasileira do Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). Para a avaliação do estado nutricional, foram coletados peso corporal e estatura de modo autorreportado. A análise de associação foi feita pela regressão linear múltipla, após estratificação por sexo. RESULTADOS: Notou-se maior prevalência de universitárias do sexo feminino (72,9%), com idade média de 21,8 (DP = 4,1) anos. Foi encontrada associação entre percepção e (in)satisfação corporal com o comportamento alimentar em ambos os sexos. As mulheres que superestimaram o tamanho corporal obtiveram associação inversa com a dimensão alimentar restritiva (p = 0,001); e as insatisfeitas por magreza, associação direta entre alimentação restritiva; e inversa com o comportamento emocional (p < 0,001). Os homens que superestimaram seu tamanho corporal evidenciaram associação direta com a alimentação emocional; e entre os insatisfeitos por excesso de peso houve associação direta com a dimensão emocional (p = 0,032) e global (p = 0,046) do comportamento alimentar. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo demonstra que a imagem corporal negativa, considerando as duas dimensões avaliadas (i.e., perceptiva e atitudinal), foi associada ao comportamento alimentar entre universitários de ambos os sexos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze an association of image and eating behavior of university students from a capital city in Northeast Brazil. METHODS: Participated in university research (n = 1570) in the health area of both sexes, from four higher education institutions. The dimensions of body image (that is, perceptual and attitudinal) were assessed using the Brazilian Adult Silhouettes Scale; and eating behavior using the Brazilian version of the Dutch eating behavior questionnaire (DEBQ). For an assessment of nutritional status, body weight and height were collected automatically reported. An association analysis was performed using the selected linear regression, after stratification by sex. RESULTS: There is no higher prevalence of women (72.9%), with a mean age of 21.8 (SD = 4.1) years. An association was found between perception and (in) body satisfaction with eating behavior in both sexes. Women who overestimated body size had an inverse association with the restrictive dietary dimension (p = 0.001); and as dissatisfied by law, direct association between restrictive eating; and inverse with emotional behavior (p < 0.001). Men who overestimate their body size, showed an association with emotional nutrition; among those dissatisfied with excess weight, there was an association with emotional (p = 0.032) and global (p = 0.046) dimensions of eating behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that a negative body image, considering two dimensions evaluated (that is, perceptual and attitudinal), was associated with eating behavior among university students of both sexes.

Breastfeeding and infant feeding guidelines: dietary patterns and potential effects on the health and nutrition of children under two years / Amamentação e orientações sobre alimentação infantil: padrões alimentares e potenciais efeitos na saúde e nutrição de menores de dois anos

Abstract Objectives: to identify dietary patterns of children under two years of age in primary care, associating them with maternal variables. Methods: cross-sectional study carried out in basic health units. Sample selected for convenience with 321 children under two years old and their mothers. Food consumption was obtained through a 24-hour food record. The method of factor analysis by main components was used to determine dietary patterns. Associations between maternal variables and dietary patterns were tested. Results: "mixed", "porridge" and "snacks" patterns were identified. Receiving guidance on infant feeding was related to greater adherence to the "mixed" (p = 0.02; PR = 2.98; 95% CI95% = 1.49-5.96) and "porridge" (p = 0.026; PR = 2.10; CI95% = 1.09-4.02) patterns. Experience with breastfeeding showed greater adherence to the "porridge" standards (p=0.038; PR = 1.78; CI95%= 1.03-3.08) and "snacks" (p = 0.026; PR = 1.09; CI95% = 1.01-1.18) and children of overweight mothers showed less adherence to the "snacks" pattern (p = 0.042; PR = 0.51; CI95%= 0.26-0.98). Conclusions: patterns found were associated with guidance on infant feeding and breastfeeding, previous experience with breastfeeding, as well as with maternal excess weight, emphasizing the importance of professional guidance for greater adherence to more varied and healthy consumption patterns and that include the different food groups.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar padrões alimentares de crianças menores de dois anos na atenção primária associando-os com variáveis maternas. Métodos: estudo transversal desenvolvido em unidades básicas de saúde. Amostra selecionada por conveniência com 321 menores de dois anos e suas mães. O consumo alimentar foi obtido através de recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. O método de análise fatorial por componentes principais foi utilizado para determinação dos padrões alimentares. Associações entre variáveis maternas e padrões alimentares foram testadas. Resultados: padrões "misto", "mingaus" e "lanches" foram identificados. Receber orientações sobre alimentação infantil relacionou-se a maior aderência aos padrões "misto" (p= 0,02; RP= 2,98; IC95%= 1,49-5,96) e "mingaus" (p= 0,026; RP= 2,10; IC95%= 1,09-4,02). Experiência com aleitamento materno mostrou maior adesão aos padrões "mingaus" (p= 0,038; RP= 1,78; IC95%= 1,03-3,08) e "lanches" (p= 0,026; RP= 1,09; IC95%= 1,01-1,18) e filhos de mães com excesso de peso apresentaram menor aderência ao padrão "lanches" (p= 0,042; RP= 0,51; IC95%= 0,26-0,98). Conclusões: os padrões encontrados associaram-se com orientação sobre alimentação infantil e amamentação, experiência prévia com amamentação, bem como com excesso de peso materno, ressaltando a importância da orientação profissional para maior adesão a padrões de consumo mais variados e saudáveis e que contemplem os diversos grupos de alimentos.

Association between Eating Patterns and Excess Body Weight in Adolescents.

Background: Excess body weight is a risk factor for the development of diseases. Adolescence is a nutritionally vulnerable age group that suffers due to influences on food intake. We aimed to identify the main dietary patterns of adolescents to investigate their association with excess body weight. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were collected to calculate the BMI. Nutritional statuses were classified according to World Health Organization classification. Food consumption data were obtained through a 24-hour recall and food patterns were identified through factor analyses of the main components. The patterns were categorized into quintiles and dichotomized into greater (fourth and fifth quintile) and lower (first to third quintile) adherences. Binomial regression was used to assess the association between food patterns and excess body weight. The study was conducted in a capital city in Northeast Brazil from adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years in 826 public schools. Results: Three main food patterns were identified in women and men: coffee with bread (white bread, coffee, fat, and eggs), common Brazilian (white rice, beans, meat, pasta, with negative factor load for regional foods), and mixed pattern (sweets, fruits, biscuits and cakes, vegetables, and dairy products). Adolescents with a greater adherence to the coffee and bread pattern [odds ratio (OR) = 0.68; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.50-0.93] and the common Brazilian pattern (OR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.53-0.99) had a lower chance of being excess body weight than those with lower adherence. Conclusions: Three main eating patterns were identified among adolescents, and greater adherence to the coffee with bread and common Brazilian patterns implied a lower chance of excess body weight.

Apetite emocional em situações negativas e padrão alimentar de mulheres adultas / Emotional appetite in negative situations and dietary patterns of adult women / Apetito emocional en situaciones negativas y el patrón alimentario de mujeres adultas

Objetivo: Verificar se e quais padrões alimentares podem estar associados ao apetite emocional em mulheres acompanhadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, transversal e analítico realizado em 20 Centros de Saúde da Família do SUS, entre 2016 e 2017, com mulheres de 19 a 59 anos, em idade reprodutiva e alfabetizadas. Coletaram-se dados de peso, altura e circunferência da cintura, e aplicou-se o Questionário de Apetite Emocional (QUEAPEM), para avaliar o apetite emocional, e o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar, para avaliar o consumo alimentar, analisado na forma de padrões alimentares derivados por análise fatorial por meio de testes de esfericidade de Barllet e Kayse-Meyer-Olkin. Verificou-se relação entre os padrões alimentares e a dimensão do apetite emocional pelo teste de Spearman, considerando significativos os valores de p<0,05. Resultados: Ao total, 149 mulheres participaram do estudo, com idade média de 34,3 ± 8,6 anos. A maioria das mulheres (n= 88; 59%) encontra-se com excesso de peso, sendo 25,5% (n=38) com obesidade. Identificaram-se três padrões alimentares que juntos explicaram 16,8% da variabilidade da dieta, denominados de "denso em energia", "saudável" e "tradicional". Houve correlação entre o padrão alimentar "tradicional" e a presença de apetite emocional em situações negativas (p<0,05), não havendo correlação com os demais padrões. Conclusão: A identificação de três padrões alimentares permitiu um melhor entendimento da alimentação das mulheres estudadas, além de detectar uma associação inversa, embora fraca, entre o padrão alimentar "tradicional" e o apetite emocional em situações negativas.

Objective: To check whether and what dietary patterns may be associated with emotional appetite in women served by the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS). Methods: This quantitative analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 20 SUS Family Health Centers between 2016 and 2017 with literate women aged 19 to 59 years at reproductive age. Data on weight, height, and waist circumference were collected and the Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (Questionário de Apetite Emocional ­ QUEAPEM) was applied to assess emotional appetite. The Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to assess food intake in the form of dietary patterns derived from factor analysis using Barllet's and Kayse-Meyer-Olkin sphericity tests. The relationship between dietary patterns and emotional appetite dimension was checked by the Spearman's test with significant values set at p<0.05. Results: Participants were 149 women with a mean age of 34.3 ± 8.6 years. Most women (n= 88, 59%) exhibited excess weight, with 25.5% (n=38) of them being obese. Three dietary patterns were identified and together explained 16.8% of the variability of the diet. They were labelled "energy dense", "healthy" and "traditional". There was a correlation between the "traditional" dietary pattern and presence of emotional appetite in negative situations (p<0.05), with no correlation with the other patterns. Conclusion: The identification of three dietary patterns allowed a better understanding of the diet of the studied women and detected an inverse, although weak, association between the "traditional" dietary pattern and emotional appetite in negative situations.

Objetivo: Verificar si y cuáles son los patrones alimentarios que se puede asociar con el apetito emocional de mujeres asistidas en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y analítico realizado en 20 Centros de Salud de la Familia del SUS entre 2016 y 2017 con mujeres entre 19 y 59 años con edad reproductiva y alfabetizadas. Se recogieron los datos del peso, la altura y la circunferencia de la cintura y se ha aplicado el Cuestionario de Apetito Emocional para evaluar el apetito emocional y el Cuestionario de Frecuencia Alimentaria para evaluar el consumo alimentario analizado en forma de patrones alimentarios derivados por el análisis factorial a través de las pruebas de Barllet y de Kayse-Meyer-Olkin. Se ha verificado la relación entre los patrones alimentarios y la dimensión del apetito emocional por la prueba de Spearman considerándose significativos los valores de p<0,05. Resultados: En total, 149 mujeres con edad media de 34,3 ± 8,6 años participaron del estudio. La mayoría de las mujeres (n= 88; 59%) tiene exceso de peso y el 25,5% (n=38) son obesas. Se ha identificado tres patrones alimentarios que juntos han explicado el 16,8% de la variabilidad de la dieta los cuales se les han nombrado de "denso en energía", "saludable" y "tradicional". Hubo correlación entre el patrón alimentario "tradicional" y la presencia del apetito emocional en situaciones negativas (p<0,05) sin correlación con los demás patrones. Conclusión: La identificación de tres patrones alimentarios ha permitido una mejor comprensión de la alimentación de las mujeres estudiadas además de identificar una asociación inversa, aunque débil, entre el patrón alimentario "tradicional" y el apetito emocional en situaciones negativas.

Barriers to Physical Exercise and Associated Factors in the Pre- and Postoperative Periods of Bariatric Surgery.

BACKGROUND: To compare the barriers to exercise and its associated factors among patients in the pre- and postoperative periods of bariatric surgery. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with patients who were split into preoperative (n = 81) and postoperative (n = 209) groups. It was collected sociodemographic characteristics, and the Exercise Benefits Barriers Scale was adopted in order to identify the barriers related to exercise practice. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and Poisson regression were applied for comparisons and associations. RESULTS: The postoperative group had a lower score on the barrier scale, except for the lack of time subdimension. In the preoperative, the subjects were considered physically active (p = 0.03), and those over 42 years old (p < 0.001) had the lowest score in lack of time subdimension. Those with a body mass index (BMI) higher than 36.89 kg/cm2 had a higher overall score on the scale (p < 0.001), also in the lack of time (p = 0.003) and physical effort subdimensions (p < 0.001). Those with higher education scored more in the lack of time (p = 0.014) and family discouragement subdimensions (p = 0.034). In the postoperative, the participants considered active had the lowest score on the general scale, as well as in all subdimensions (p < 0.001), and the ones with higher education presented better scores in physical effort subdimension (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: The preoperative group had a higher score of barriers to practice exercises related to physical effort, environment, and family discouragement, when compared to the postoperative. The factors associated were physical inactivity, BMI over 36.89 kg/cm2, age 42 years old or under, and higher education.

Fatores associados aos biomarcadores inflamatórios em adolescentes: análise por modelagem de equações estruturais / Factors associated with inflammatory biomarkers in adolescents: analysis by structural equation modeling / Factores asociados a los biomarcadores inflamatorios en adolescentes: análisis por modelado de ecuaciones estructurales

Resumo: O objetivo foi avaliar os fatores associados aos biomarcadores inflamatórios em adolescentes. Trata-se de estudo transversal com 391 adolescentes entre 17 e 18 anos de escolas públicas em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Realizou-se amostragem aleatória com conglomeração em três estágios: escola, turma e aluno. O consumo alimentar foi investigado por meio do Questionário de Frequência Alimentar, e os padrões alimentares foram extraídos por análise fatorial por componentes principais. Para avaliar os fatores associados aos biomarcadores inflamatórios, foi utilizada modelagem de equações estruturais. Foram construídas variáveis latentes: condição socioeconômica, que incluiu escolaridade materna, renda familiar e classe econômica; e inflamação, constituída pela interleucina-1β, interleucina-6 e interleucina-8. Um modelo teórico foi elaborado para avaliar fatores associados aos biomarcadores inflamatórios, indicando os efeitos diretos e indiretos entre as variáveis latentes e observadas. Três padrões alimentares foram identificados (ocidental, básico brasileiro e saudável), com variância explicada de 31%, e padrão ocidental o de maior contribuição. Não foram encontradas associações dos padrões com a variável latente inflamação. O excesso de peso foi positivamente associado com a variável latente inflamação (coeficientes padronizados = 0,281; p = 0,002). A extração dos três padrões evidencia maior consumo de alimentos ricos em carboidratos e gorduras que são nutrientes diretamente relacionados ao aumento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. O excesso de peso foi associado com maiores níveis de biomarcadores inflamatórios.

Abstract: The study aimed to analyze factors associated with inflammatory biomarkers in adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study in 391 adolescents 17-18 years of age in public schools in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. Three-stage random cluster sampling was performed in schools, classes, and students. Food consumption was studied with a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were extracted by principal components factor analysis. Assessment of factors associated with inflammatory biomarkers used structural equation modeling. Latent variables were constructed: socioeconomic status, which included maternal schooling, family income, and economic class; and inflammation, consisting of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8. A theoretical model was developed to assess factors associated with inflammatory biomarkers, indicating direct and indirect effects between the latent and observed variables. Three dietary patterns were identified (Western, basic Brazilian, and healthy), with 31% explained variance and the Western pattern with the largest share. No associations were found between the patterns and the latent variable inflammation (standardized coefficients = 0.281; p = 0.002). Extraction of the three patterns evidenced higher consumption of foods high in carbohydrates and fats, which are nutrients associated directly with the increase in chronic noncommunicable diseases. Excess weight was associated with higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar los factores asociados con biomarcadores inflamatorios en adolescentes. Se trata de un estudio transversal con 391 adolescentes entre 17 e 18 años de escuelas públicas en São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Se realizó una muestra aleatoria por conglomerados en tres etapas: escuela, grupo y alumno. El consumo alimentario fue investigado mediante el cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria, y los patrones alimentarios fueron extraídos por análisis factorial por componentes principales. Para evaluar los factores asociados a los biomarcadores inflamatorios se utilizó un modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. Se construyeron variables latentes: condición socioeconómica, que incluyó escolaridad materna, renta familiar y clase económica; e inflamación, constituida por la interleucina-1β, interleucina-6 e interleucina-8. Un modelo teórico se elaboró para evaluar factores asociados a los biomarcadores inflamatorios, indicando los efectos directos e indirectos entre las variables latentes y observadas. Se identificaron tres patrones alimentarios (occidental, básico brasileño y saludable), con variancia explicada de un 31% y patrón occidental o de mayor contribución. No se encontraron asociaciones de los patrones con la variable latente inflamación. El exceso de peso estuvo positivamente asociado con la variable latente inflamación (coeficientes estandarizados = 0,281; p = 0,002). La extracción de los tres patrones evidencia mayor consumo de alimentos ricos en carbohidratos y grasas que son nutrientes directamente relacionadas con el aumento de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El exceso de peso estuvo asociado con mayores niveles de biomarcadores inflamatorios.

The omission of meals is associated with excess weight in adolescents

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the association between skipping meals and excess weight in adolescents. This study used a secondary database based on cross-sectional research. Weight and height were measured for the classification of nutritional status and the omission of meals was determined from the 24-hour food record. Statistical analyses were performed on a sample stratified by age from 10 to 13 years and 14 to 19 years. There was a high prevalence of excess weight (overweight and obesity) in the sample and a high frequency of meal omission among adolescents. The omission of lunch and dinner among adolescents between 14 and 19 years and those between 10 to 13 years, respectively, was directly associated with excess weight.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre omisión de comidas y condición de exceso de peso en adolescentes. Este es un estudio con datos secundarios de una investigación transversal. El peso y la altura se midieron para clasificar el estado nutricional y la omisión de las comidas se determinó a partir del registro de alimentos de 24 horas. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron en una muestra estratificada por edad de 10 a 13 años y de 14 a 19 años. Hubo una alta prevalencia de exceso de peso en la muestra y una alta frecuencia de omisión de comidas entre los adolescentes. La omisión del almuerzo y la cena, en los rangos de 14 a 19 años y de 10 a 13 años, respectivamente, se asoció directamente con el exceso de peso.

MELD EXCEPTION POINTS PROVIDE AN ENOURMOUS ADVANTAGE FOR RECEIVING A LIVER TRANSPLANT IN BRAZIL.

BACKGROUND: Current policy for listing to liver transplant (LT) may place cirrhotic patients without MELD exception points (CIR) in a disadvantageous position if compared to patients enlisted with appealed MELD scores - patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or special conditions other than hepatocellular carcinoma (SPE). Transplant rates, delisting, and waitlist mortality of CIR, HCC, and SPE candidates were compared. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to counterweight the listing rate and speed of listing of HCC, SPE, and CIR patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the outcomes of patients enlisted for SPE to those of HCC and CIR. In several countries worldwide, SPE patients also receive appealed MELD scores in a similar way of HCC patients. METHODS: Two cohorts of patients listed for LT in a single institution were evaluated. The first cohort (C1, n=180) included all patients enlisted on August 1st, 2008, and all additional patients listed from this date until July 31st, 2009. The second cohort (C2, n=109) included all patients present on the LT list on October 1st, 2012, and all additional patients listed from this date until May 2014. RESULTS: In both cohorts, HCC patients had a higher chance of receiving a LT than CIR patients (C1HR =2.05, 95%CI=1.54-2.72, P<0.0001; C2HR =3.17, 95%CI =1.83-5.52, P<0.0001). For C1, 1-year waiting list mortality was 21.6% (30.0% for CIR vs 9.5% for HCC vs 7.1% for SPE) (P<0.001). For C2, 1-year waiting list mortality was 13.3% (25.7% for CIR, 8.3% for HCC, and 4.0% for SPE) (P<0.001). Post-transplant survival was similar among the three groups. CONCLUSION: Compared to CIR, SPE and HCC patients had lower wait list mortality. CIR patients had the highest waitlist mortality and the lowest odd of LT. Current LT allocation system does not allow equitable organ allocation.